<p>The Essex Company Offices and Yard, at 6 Essex Street in Lawrence, Massachusetts, are the historic headquarters of the Essex Company, which was responsible for Lawrences founding in 1847 and development in the 19th century. These facilities were built in 1883–84, and consist of a street-facing office building and four others: a carpenters shop, foundry, garage, and storage building. They were designed by Hiram Mills, the Essex Companys chief engineer. It is currently the home of the Lawrence History Centers Immigrant City Archives and Museum.</p><br>
<p>The complex was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1979, and included in the North Canal Historic District in 1984.</p><br>
<p>The Essex Institute Historic District is a historic district at 134-132, 128, 126 Essex Street and 13 Washington Square West in Salem, Massachusetts. It consists of a compact group of properties associated with the Essex Institute, founded in 1848 and merged in 1992 into the Peabody Essex Museum. Listed by increasing street number, they are: the Crowninshield-Bentley House, the Gardner-Pingree House , the John Tucker Daland House, and the Phillips Library . The John Ward House, which fronts on Brown Street but shares the 132 Essex Street address, is another National Historic Landmark within the district. The Andrew Safford House at 13 Washington Square West, built in 1819, was said to be the most expensive home in New England at the time.</p><br>
<p>The principal buildings of the district are the Daland House and the Phillips Library, the latter of which was the main Essex Institute building. The Daland House was built in 1851, the Library in 1857, and the combination now serve as the library and research facility of the Peabody Essex Museum. The Library is a two-story building, although the second floor is two normal stories high (with suitably large windows), and originally served as exhibition space.</p><br>
<p>The area behind the Phillips Library and south of Brown Street is a garden area that includes two other historical structures: the Vaughan Doll House, a modest late 17th century one-room structure that may have been a Quaker meeting house, and the Lyle-Tapley Shoe Shop. They both stand near the John Ward House, which faces into the garden as well.</p><br>
<p>Just to the east of the Daland House stands the Gardner-Pingree House, an elegant Federal mansion built in 1804 by noted Salem architect Samuel McIntire. To its east, at the corner of Essex and Washington Square West, stands the Bentley-Crowninshield House, a c. 1727 Georgian house that was relocated from a site across Essex Street in 1860. The Andrew-Safford House is behind the Bentley-Crowninshield House, facing Salem Common.</p><br>
<p>The district was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1972; all of the properties in the district were also included in the Salem Common Historic District in 1976.</p><br>
<p>On December 8, 2017, much to the dismay of Salem residents, Dan L. Monroe, PEM&#39;s Rose-Marie and Eijk van Otterloo Director and CEO, issued a press release announcing that the 42,000 linear feet of historical documents will be permanently relocated to Rowley, MA and Plummer Hall and Daland House, the two historic buildings which had housed the Phillips Library, will be utilized as office and meeting space.</p><br>
<p>The Essex Town Hall and TOHP Burnham Library is an exuberant Shingle Style building at 30 Martin Street in Essex, Massachusetts in the United States. Containing town offices, a public library and an auditorium, it was built in 1893-1894, and its architect was Frank W. Weston, of Boston and Malden, Massachusetts.</p><br>
<p>The new building was described in the March 1894 issue of The Library Journal:</p><br>
<p>Essex (Mass). Public Library, The new town-hall and library building was dedicated on the afternoon of Feb. 15. A large audience was present at the dedication exercises, which included an oration by Rev. D.O Mears, music, several short addresses, and the reading of poems. In the evening there was a concert, followed by dancing.</p><br>
<p>The building which combines town-hall and library has just been completed after plans by Frank W. Weston, a Malden architect. The lower story is built of field-stone, and the upper part, including the tower, of wood. The interior is finished in antique oak, and the walls are painted in hues of brown and yellow. In the upper story is situated the town-hall proper. It has a seating capacity for 550. There is a stage and a gallery which will allow of entertainments being given there. One-half of the lower floor is devoted to the library, and will accommodate several thousand books. From the entrance there is a hallway that turns abruptly to the right, and on this passage are doors leading to the offices of the selectmen, the treasurer, and other officials. There are three entrances to the building, the main entrance being through an attractive carriageway into a spacious vestibule.</p><br>
<p>In the tower is the clock, with chime-bells, which strike the hour, presented to the town by L. G. Burnham.</p><br>
<p>Both the land and the building were gifts of the late T.O.H.P Burnham, of Boston, who was a native of Essex. Mr. Burnham died in 1891, and by his will the town received $30,000, half of which was for the town and the other half for a public library. Previous to this the town had come into possession of $5000 through the will of the late Dr. J. D. Russ, also a native of Essex. It was decided to build the town-hall and the library together.</p><br>
<p>The building was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 2007.</p><br>
<p>The Estey Tavern is a historic tavern in Middleton, Massachusetts. The 2.5-story wood-frame tavern house was built in 1753 by Samuel Bradford, who operated the tavern until 1763, when it was taken over by John Estey. The building is notable in part because its eastern ell encapsulates elements of a 17th-century building, including a chimney and some beams. The building has been converted to residential use, housing three living units.</p><br>
<p>The building was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1989.</p><br>
<p>The Fabens Building is a historic commercial building at 312-344 Union Street in Lynn, Massachusetts. The four story brick building was built in 1890, replacing two buildings that were destroyed in Lynns disastrous 1889 fire. It was built for William Fabens, a Marblehead lawyer and judge who maintained offices in the city and sat on the city police court. The building had seven storefronts on the ground floor, with office space on the upper floors. Designed by local architect Henry Warren Rogers, it is one Lynns most significant Romanesque Revival buildings.</p><br>
<p>The building was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1982, and is one of three registered buildings in Lynn designed by Henry Warren Rogers.</p><br>
<p>The Federal Street District is a residential and civic historic district in Salem, Massachusetts, United States. It is an expansion of an earlier listing of the Essex County Court Buildings on the National Register of Historic Places in 1976. In addition to the former county court buildings included in the earlier listing, the district expansion in 1983 encompasses the entire block of Federal Street between Washington and North Streets. It includes buildings from 32 to 65 Federal Street, as well as the Tabernacle Church at 50 Washington Street.</p><br>
<p>The original court was built in 1785. The Old Granite Courthouse, also known as the County Commissioner&#39;s Building, was built in 1841 in the Greek Revival architectural style. Adjacent to that is the Superior Court, pictured below. Built in 1862, the Superior Court is an Italianate structure that was later remodeled into the Richardsonian Romanesque style of architecture. A large new court has been constructed down the street.</p><br>
<p>Most of the residential properties on this block of Federal Street were built between 1810 and 1900. The notable exception is #47, which is a Georgian gambrel-roofed house built in the second half of the 18th century. Most of the houses are either Italianate or Second Empire in their styling; there is one Colonial Revival house, #62, built 1900. The Tabernacle Church, which abuts Federal Street but faces Washington Street, is a Georgian Revival structure built in 1923.</p><br>
<p>The Nathaniel Felton Houses are a pair of historic houses at 43 and 47 Felton Street in Peabody, Massachusetts. The Peabody Historical Society owns and operates the homes as historic house museums.</p><br>
<p>The house of Nathaniel Felton Sr., at 47 Felton Street, was built. The house of his son, Nathaniel Felton Jr., was built at a different location, and moved to its present location by his grandson.</p><br>
<p>The houses were listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1982.</p><br>
<p>The Fish Flake Hill Historic District encompasses a section of Front Street in Beverly, Massachusetts that includes a remarkable concentration of colonial buildings, and which was notable for its importance in the American Revolutionary War. The district, which was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1971, includes properties on both sides of Front Street between Cabot and Bartlett Streets. It includes houses dating to the middle 18th century, sixteen of which have been documented as being associated with ship captains active in the American Revolutionary War. The port area of Beverly was one of the most active during the war, and was one of the places where many captured ships were brought.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The district is the oldest neighborhood in Beverly, founded in 1626 when Roger Conant led a group of settlers from Salem. The name of the district comes "from the flakes or fish drying tables of the fish drying yards, which were found here until the late 19th century." The city created the district in 1971 and contains 152 properties on 35 acres.,</p><br>
<p>The Flint Farm is a historic farmhouse in Andover, Massachusetts. It was built in 1810 for farmer John Flint, and remained in the family until it was sold by his grandchildren in 1894. It is a two-story wood-frame structure with a hip roof and two side chimneys. Its main facade is five bays wide, with asymmetrically placed windows. The center entrance is flanked by pilasters and topped by a fanlight window and a cornice. The house is a comparatively ambitious and sophisticated Federal style house for a rural area.</p><br>
<p>The house was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1982.</p><br>
<p>The Charles Flint Public Library is the public library of Middleton, Massachusetts, USA. It is located in a Richardsonian Romanesque building at 1 South Main Street in the center of the town. The building, the only Romanesque building in Middleton, was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2002.</p><br>
<h2>Description and history</h2><br>
<p>The Flint Public Library is set on the west side of South Main Street (Massachusetts Route 114) in Middleton&#39;s town center. It is a 1-1/2 story brick structure, set on a granite foundation, with a slate hip roof. The front facade is dominated by its entrance at the center, which is outlined in light-colored sandstone. Above this is front-facing gable, whose left side is interrupted by a square tower topped by a pyramidal roof. The tower houses a Howard clock in working condition. A wing extends to the rear of the main block, housing most of the book stacks.</p><br>
<p>Middletons first library collection was established in 1772 as a private lending collection. Middleton native Charles L. Flint in 1879 offered the town funding and a seed collection of books to establish a public library. This initial collection was merged with the private collection and was initially housed in a room in town hall. After Flints death in 1889, the town received a $10,000 bequest from his estate. The resulting building was designed by George F. Loring and Sanford Phipps, regional architects known for their public buildings, and was completed in 1891. The building&#39;s stained glass windows were designed by the Glasgow-born artist Donald MacDonald.</p><br>
<p>The Follansbee House is a historic house in Andover, Massachusetts. It was probably built c. 1835 by Paul Bailey Follansbee, previously of West Newbury, and is a locally distinctive example of an elaborate Greek Revival house. The house was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1982.</p><br>
<h2>Description and history</h2><br>
<p>The Follansbee House is set on the north side of Lowell Street (Massachusetts Route 133), located further back from the road than neighboring houses. It is a rectangular wood-frame structure, stories high, with a hip roof pierced by two chimneys set toward the rear. The corners have paneled pilasters, and an entablature runs below the roof line. The front facade is three bays wide, with the bays demarcated by similar pilasters. The entrance is in the center bay, sheltered by a portico supported by Ionic columns.</p><br>
<p>The house was probably built by West Newbury native Paul Bailey Follansbee, who purchased the property in 1834. There is no record of whether this transaction included a house; it may have also been built earlier by John Crosby, the seller. Follansbee was a nursery farmer and florist, as well as an amateur archaeologist, collecting prehistoric Native artifacts he found on his property. The property was investigated by a professional archaeologist in 1951.</p><br>
<p>Fort Lee is a historic American Revolutionary War fort in Salem, Massachusetts. The site, located at a high point next to Fort Avenue on Salem Neck, is a relatively rare fortification from that period whose remains are relatively unaltered. It is an irregular 5-pointed star fort. Although there is some documentary evidence that the Neck was fortified as early as the 17th century, the earthworks built in 1776 are the first clear evidence of the sites military use. Reportedly, the fort had a garrison of 3 officers and 100 artillerymen with 16 guns. The site, of which only overgrown earthworks and a stone magazine survive, was repaired in the 1790s, A state cultural resource document states that the fort has not been much modified since the Revolution, and has not been built over. It was garrisoned by the Massachusetts militia in the War of 1812, abandoned afterwards, and rebuilt with four 8-inch columbiads in the Civil War. An Army engineer drawing dated 1872 depicts the forts five-pointed trace and the four Civil War gun positions. It was also garrisoned during the Spanish–American War.</p><br>
<p>The property was federalized in 1867, and transferred to the City of Salem in 1922. The site was briefly rehabilitated at the time of the United States bicentennial in 1976, with trails and interpretive signs, but these were later removed, and the site has again become overgrown. Earthworks and a stone magazine remain. The fort site was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1994.</p><br>
<p>Fort Pickering is a 17th-century historic fort site on Winter Island in Salem, Massachusetts. Fort Pickering operated as a strategic coastal defense and military barracks for Salem Harbor during a variety of periods, serving as a fortification from the Anglo-Dutch Wars through World War II. Construction of the original fort began in 1643 and it saw use as a military installation into the 20th century. Fort Miller  in Marblehead also defended Salem&#39;s harbor from the 1630s through the American Civil War. Fort Pickering is a First System fortification named for Colonel Timothy Pickering, born in Salem, adjutant general of the Continental Army and secretary of war in 1795. Today, the remains of the fort are open to the public as part of the Winter Island Maritime Park, operated by the City of Salem.</p><br>
<h2>17th century</h2><br>
<p>Winter Island at the time of English settlement in the early 17th century was an island separated from the mainland, held as common land by the Proprietors and used as a fortification and for fishing activities. In 1643 Fort William was begun on the island.</p><br>
<h2>18th century</h2><br>
<p>Circa 1702, during Queen Anne&#39;s War, Fort William was renamed Fort Anne (for then Queen Anne), and was rebuilt around 1706 under the direction of the Royal Engineers, who were earlier sent by King William III to fortify the colonies. It is unclear how much was accomplished, as a debate on whether the town or the province should fund the rebuilding lasted past 1711, when the war ended for the American colonies. In 1735 the Massachusetts General Court provided 600 pounds to rebuild the fort to hold 15 guns.</p><br>
<p>In 1794, the City of Salem ceded the fort to the federal government and a new fort was constructed in its place, part of the first system of USA fortifications. The 1794 USA Army report on fortifications called for the fort to have eight artillery pieces, a blockhouse, and a magazine. The fort&#39;s garrison was proposed to consist of one officer and 22 enlisted men.</p><br>
<p>Major repairs to the fort were conducted in 1796 and a restoration in 1799. Later in 1799 it was renamed Fort Pickering in honor of Timothy Pickering, then Secretary of State of the USA</p><br>
<h2>19th century</h2><br>
<p>The fort was rebuilt in 1800 and 1808 to mount six guns as part of the second system of USA fortifications. In a report on the conditions of fortifications of the United States submitted to Congress by President Jefferson on January 6, 1809, the following is stated regarding Fort Pickering - "The fort and block house... with a magazine under it, have been repaired and a new barrack erected." Another report in December 1811 stated the fort was "an enclosed work of brick and sods, mounting six heavy guns, covered by a block house".</p><br>
<p>Regular Army commanders of the fort (combined with Fort Sewall in Marblehead) from 1800 to 1812 included Capt. Alexander D. Pope 1800–1802, a detachment of Capt. Nehemiah Freeman&#39;s company 1802–1803, no federal garrison 1804–1808, and Capt. Stephen Ranney 1809–1812.</p><br>
<p>Massachusetts militia camps on Winter Island in the 1850s and 1860s included Camp Sutton (1853, 1855), Camp Edmunds (1856), Camp Banks (1858), and Camp Gardner (1860s). Camp Sutton existed in 1853 and 1855. The camp was named for general William Sutton and was occupied by the 2nd Division. Camp Edmunds existed in 1856. The camp was named for Major General B.F. Edmunds and was occupied by the 4th Brigade. Camp Banks existed in 1858. The camp was named for Major General Nathaniel P. Banks and was occupied by the 2nd Division.</p><br>
<p>The fort received another military restoration in the War of 1812. During the 19th century, the island was used primarily for fortification and in 1864 the City of Salem again ceded the island to the federal government in support of the Civil War efforts. Although the capacity remained at 11 guns, the area of the fort was increased, with earthwork parapets built outside the stone fort and gun embrasures added for improved protection. The magazine was also increased in size. To defend against land attack, the gorge at the rear of the fort was guarded by two curtain walls and a wet moat. The walls were part of a bombproof shelter with loopholes for small arms. Facilities outside the fort included a guard house, hospital/commissary, barracks/mess hall, stable, sink, and well. An armament report by Major Charles E. Blunt dated January 31, 1865 shows the fort had six 24-pounder smoothbore guns, three 32-pounder rifles, and two 24-pounder rifles. It was also called Salem Barracks in that war. From May 1864 to June 1865 Fort Pickering was garrisoned successively by the 3rd and 17th Unattached Companies Massachusetts Volunteer Militia.</p><br>
<h2>20th century</h2><br>
<p>In 1935 most of the land on Winter Island became the newly established Coast Guard Air Station Salem. The air station had a hangar and ramp for seaplanes. Aircraft from the station conducted anti-submarine patrols during World War II and search and rescue missions until it was closed in 1971.</p><br>
<p>The site was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1973. In 1994, the National Register designated the entire collection of cultural resources at Winter Island and Fort Pickering as the Winter Island Historic District and Archaeological District. Portions of the Civil War fort remain.</p><br>
<p>Fort Sewall is a historic coastal fortification in Marblehead, Massachusetts. It is located at Gales Head, the northeastern point of the main Marblehead peninsula, on a promontory that overlooks the entrance to Marblehead Harbor. Until 1814 it was called Gales Head Fort.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>Gales Head was first fortified in 1634, and was one of the oldest English coastal fortifications in the United States. A more permanent fortification was built in 1742 during King Georges War and it served through the French and Indian War.</p><br>
<p>Gales Head Fort was rebuilt in 1775 during the American Revolutionary War. It was garrisoned by Colonel John Glovers Marblehead Regiment in 1775–76.</p><br>
<p>After the American Revolution, the federal government took over the property during an expansion of the nations coast defenses from 1794 to 1807, which is known as the First System of USA fortifications. A blockhouse was added in 1794, with further rebuilding in 1799; magazines from both of these rebuildings remain. Fort Sewall was also rebuilt in 1809 with 8 guns as part of the Second System (1807 to 1820). The secretary of wars report on fortifications dated December 1811 describes the fort as "an enclosed work of masonry and sods, mounting eight heavy cannon, covered by a blockhouse...".</p><br>
<p>Regular Army commanders of the fort (combined with Fort Pickering in Salem) from 1800 to 1812 included Capt. Alexander D. Pope 1800–1802, a detachment of Capt. Nehemiah Freeman&#39;s company 1802–1803, no federal garrison 1804–1808, and Capt. Stephen Ranney 1809–1812.</p><br>
<h3>War of 1812</h3><br>
<p>During the War of 1812, on April 3, 1814, took shelter under the guns of Fort Sewall from a pursuing pair of British frigates, HMS Tenedos and. Despite lacking the ammunition and powder needed to sink or drive off the two frigates, the fort&#39;s garrison was able to bluff the British by running out all of their guns and acting as though they were preparing to attack. Faced with a 44-gun frigate and the defensive batteries of a fort, the British elected to retreat, none the wiser.</p><br>
<p>In 1814 the fort was named for Samuel Sewall (1757–1814), who served as Chief Justice of the Massachusetts Supreme Court from 1800 until his death in 1814.</p><br>
<p>From April 1816 to March 1821 Fort Sewall was garrisoned by Company B of the Light Artillery Regiment with about 60 soldiers.</p><br>
<h3>Civil War</h3><br>
<p>The fort fell into ruins after the War of 1812. During the Civil War, Massachusetts militia troops were garrisoned at Fort Sewall, 12 pieces of artillery were mounted to defend Marblehead Harbor with the fort rebuilt accordingly, and a few Confederate prisoners of war were held there. The fort was nearly doubled in size by 1864 under Army engineer Major Charles E. Blunt, with a bombproof shelter added. A report on the fort&#39;s armament dated January 31, 1865 shows one 24-pounder smoothbore gun, eight 24-pounder rifled guns, and three 32-pounder rifled guns.</p><br>
<p>From May 16, 1864 to August 15, 1864 Fort Sewall was garrisoned by the 11th Unattached Company of the Massachusetts Volunteer Militia (formerly Company I, 8th Regiment Massachusetts Volunteer Militia). On August 15, 1864 the 11th Company was relieved by the 20th Unattached Company (formerly Company E, 4th Regiment Massachusetts Volunteer Militia) which also garrisoned the fort at Salisbury Point in the town of Salisbury. The 20th Company was mustered out shortly after the end of the war on June 29, 1865.</p><br>
<h3>Spanish–American War</h3><br>
<p>Fort Sewall was seen as no longer needed as a coast defense fort following the Civil War. The last military use of Fort Sewall was during the Spanish–American War in 1898. It was used as the mobilization site for Battery H, 1st Massachusetts Heavy Artillery, commanded by Captain Walter L. Pratt, from June to August, 1898. Battery H was raised in Chelsea and consisted of 3 officers and 58 enlisted men.</p><br>
<h3>Current use</h3><br>
<p>On May 22, 1892 the Town of Marblehead voted to adopt the fort as a town park, but the fort reverted to federal control during the Spanish–American War in 1898. The fort was turned over to the town by the federal government in 1922, and is now open as a public park. It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1975.</p><br>
<p>The Gen. Gideon Foster House is a historic house in Peabody, Massachusetts. The two story Federal style wood-frame house was built in the early 1800s at a location on Main Street. The house was bought in 1815 by Gideon Foster, a local veteran of the American Revolutionary War and the War of 1812. The house was later owned by Eben Sutton, a local textile manufacturer, who sold the house so that it could be moved to make way for a larger house on the same lot.</p><br>
<p>The house was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1976, and included in the Washington Street Historic District in 1985. It is the current home of the Peabody Historical Society, which acquired the property in 1916.</p><br>
<p>The Phineas Foster House is a historic First Period house in Boxford, Massachusetts. Like many First Period houses it was built in stages. The first portion, built c. 1725, was a single cell to the right of what is now the central chimney. It was extended with a matching section on the left side of the chimney later in the First Period, and acquired a two-story kitchen ell late in the 18th century, giving the house an L shape. The front porch entry is a Federal period addition, and the central chimney has been rebuilt. The house is named for the owner of the property in 1799.</p><br>
<p>The house was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1990, where it is listed at 15 Old Topsfield Road.</p><br>
<p>The William Foster House is a historic house in Andover, Massachusetts. The core of this house is a three-bay two-story late First Period structure built c. 1720. It was added onto about 1750, adding a two-story one-room ell to the southwest corner of the house. A new chimney core was added on the north side late in the 18th century, and a second two-story wing was added on the northwest. Although the house is traditionally dated to c. 1660 , the stylistic construction techniques indicate a later construction date.</p><br>
<p>The house is also notable for housing a boys&#39; school in the later years of the 18th century, operated by William Foster for students who could not qualify for Phillips Academy. It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1990.</p><br>
<p>The Fowler House is a historic house at 166 High Street in the Danversport section of Danvers, Massachusetts. Built in 1810, the brick -story structure is notable as a well-preserved example of Federal-style architecture in the area, and for its role in the early history of the Society for the Preservation of New England Antiquities .</p><br>
<p>The house was built by Levi Preston and Stephen Whipple for Samuel Fowler, Jr., a veteran of the American Revolutionary War and early Danvers industrialist. Analysis of the records of the house construction (archived at the Peabody Essex Museum) show that was little changed at the time of its listing on the National Register of Historic Places in 1974.</p><br>
<p>The house was purchased by SPNEA in 1912, and was its second acquisition after the Swett-Ilsley House in Newbury, Massachusetts. Its relatively plain appearance led to some disagreement within the organization between preservationists seeking to preserve all types of architecture and those seeking to acquire more elegant properties. SPNEA operated the property as a house museum for some time, but sold it into private hands.</p><br>
<p>The Rea Putnam Fowler House is a historic house in Danvers, Massachusetts. It is a -story timber-frame structure, five bays wide with a side gable roof, clapboard siding, and a slender central chimney. A leanto section extends to the rear, giving the house a classic saltbox profile. The leanto section extends beyond one of the sides, creating what is called a "Beverly jog". The front entrance is centered, and is sheltered by a late 18th or early 19th-century porch. The oldest portion of the house, its western three bays and leanto, was built about 1700, and the eastern bays were added about 1725. The original chimney was quite large; the present chimney is a 19th-century replacement, and a second chimney in the leanto is a 20th-century addition. The house underwent a historically sensitive restoration in the 1930s, under the auspices of the Society for the Preservation of New England Antiquities .</p><br>
<p>The house was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1990.</p><br>
<p>The Fox Hill School is a historic school building at 81 Water Street in Danvers, Massachusetts, USA. Built in 1879 and in use as a school until the 1970s, it is one of two surviving one-room schoolhouses in the town. It now houses a preschool. The building was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1988.</p><br>
<h2>Description and history</h2><br>
<p>The Fox Hill School stands in eastern Danvers, at the southwest corner of Water and Endicott Streets. It is a single-story wood frame structure, with a gabled roof and clapboarded exterior. Its main facade faces toward Water Street and the Crane River just beyond. It is symmetrical, with a pair of entrance on the main floor and a sash window in the gable above. The doorways are set in surrounds with pilasters, transom windows, and a slightly gabled pediment; the latter detail is repeated in the window surrounds. The building corners are also pilastered, with entablatures running along the side walls.</p><br>
<p>The town purchased the land for the school (then about 2 acre) in 1875, and appropriated $1,000 to have the school built four years later. It was built by George Russel, a local carpenter, for $795. It was used as a school into the 1970s, and was being used by the town for storage when surveyed in 1981. It has since been rehabilitated and adapted for use as a private preschool and kindergarten.</p><br>
<p>The French–Andrews House is a historic First Period house in Topsfield, Massachusetts. The oldest elements of the house date to c. 1718, and exhibit construction techniques that are clearly derived from 17th century English methods found in other, older, First Period homes in Massachusetts. It is also notable for some surviving original decorative styling in its downstairs front rooms, and as the subject of early preservation work.</p><br>
<p>When built, the house was a -story timber-framed building two rooms wide and one deep, with a central chimney. It was probably built by Joseph Andrews, who purchased the property from John French Sr. In 1919 it underwent a careful restoration under the auspices of preservationist George Francis Dow. Stylistic changes and alterations made in intervening years were removed, and the timber framing was exposed. The in situ First Period decorative elements were preserved, and in some instances replicated in other parts of the house. Dow was also able to apply exterior siding in a manner that was virtually indistinguishable from period siding.</p><br>
<p>The house was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1990.</p><br>
<p>The James Friend House is a historic First Period house in Wenham, Massachusetts, United States. It was built by James Friend, a local carpenter, probably not long after he received a grant in 1699 to cut timber on public land. The house is a 2.5-story wood-frame house with a center chimney. Its main facade is a slightly asymmetrical five bays wide, even though it was apparently originally built to that plan rather than in stages. A lean-to was added to the back of the house sometime before 1738, giving the house a saltbox appearance. This section was raised to a full two stories in the 19th century, and the roof was rebuilt. In the early 20th century, the house was moved back from the road and covered in stucco.</p><br>
<p>The house was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1990.</p><br>
<p>The Front Street Block is a series of four connected commercial blocks in the West End of Gloucester, Massachusetts, USA. They were built in 1831 after a fire had devastated Gloucester&#39;s downtown the previous year.</p><br>
<p>69–71 Main Street, a three-story four wide block with Federalist styling, was built for Aaron Day. A hat maker operated on the ground floor, and apartments were above.</p><br>
<p>65–67 Main Street, a three-story four wide block with Federalist styling, was built for Samuel Bulkley. A "tin manufactory" operated on the ground floor, and there were apartments above. This building shared a wall with 69–71.</p><br>
<p>61–63 Main Street, also three stories and four wide, was built for William Babson, Jr., and had a shop on the ground floor with apartments above. In 1890 this building was renovated, giving it a new Victorian facade, and an enlarging addition to the rear.</p><br>
<p>55–59 Main Street is distinct from the other three buildings in being only two stories, and for having a hipped roof. It was built for Henry Smith, and first housed a cabinet maker on the ground floor, with living space above.</p><br>
<p>They were collectively listed as a historic district on the National Register of Historic Places in 1974, and further included in the Central Gloucester Historic District in 1982.</p><br>
<p>The Nathan Frye House is a historic house in Andover, Massachusetts. The large mansion was built in 1851-52 for Nathan Frye, who had recently  become president of the Marland Mill Company, one of Andover&#39;s major textile firms. It features grand Italianate details, including bracketed eaves, corner quoins, and pedimented gables. The building and its associated carriage house have been extensively altered for commercial purposes in the late 20th century, but much of the architectural interest has been retained.</p><br>
<p>The house was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1982.</p><br>
<p>Samuel Frye  House is a historic First Period house in North Andover, Massachusetts. Tradition places its construction between 1711, when a previous house on the site burned down, and 1719, when Frye gave the property, with house, to his son. The house was in the Frye family until 1880. It is a -story wood-frame house, one room deep and five bays wide, with a rear leanto section that was added in the 19th century. The house is notable for its retention of a tradition two room form despite the removal of its central chimney during Federal period renovations.</p><br>
<p>The property was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1990.</p><br>
<p>The Joseph Fuller House is a historic late First Period house located in Middleton, Massachusetts.</p><br>
<h2>Description and history</h2><br>
<p>The oldest part of the house was built sometime before 1720 by Joseph Fuller, and consisted of two stories, each containing two rooms, with a central chimney. Later in the 18th century a leanto section was added, giving the house a saltbox appearance. This addition included a "Beverly jog", an extension of the leanto to the left side providing shelter for an entrance there. In about 1800, a gabled front entry was added to the symmetrical front facade. Most of the interior decoration also dates to about 1800.</p><br>
<p>The house was listed on the National Register of Historic Places on March 9, 1990.</p><br>
<p>The Lieut. Thomas Fuller House is a historic First Period house in Middleton, Massachusetts. The oldest portion of the house, two stories of rooms either side of a central chimney, was built c. 1684 by Thomas Fuller. By 1690 a leanto section  was added to the house. The leanto was raised to a full second story in the 19th century. Later shed roofed additions extend further off the back of the house, and a small gabled addition extends over the eastern end of the leanto section.</p><br>
<p>The house was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1990.</p><br>
<p>The G.A.R. Hall and Museum is a historic museum at 58 Andrew Street in Lynn, Massachusetts.</p><br>
<p>The four story Romanesque brick building was built in 1885 by contractor Frank G. Kelly to the design of the Lynn firm Wheeler & Northend for the General Frederick W. Lander Post 5 of the Grand Army of the Republic, an American Civil War veterans organization. It has two storefronts on the ground floor, offices and a library with spaces for 1500 volumes on the second floor,</p><br>
<p>The building was constructed with incandescent electric lighting by the Thomson-Houston Electric Company,</p><br>
<p>With declining membership in the organization, the building was turned over to the city in 1919 by a Special Act of the Massachusetts Legislature. The city operates it as a museum.</p><br>
<p>The building was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1979.</p><br>
<p>The building is the earliest known work by Holman K. Wheeler, who designed and constructed more than 400 structures in Lynn and surrounding towns, including residences, schools, commercial and factory buildings, and monuments. A total of five H. K. Wheeler structures in Lynn are listed on the National Register.</p><br>
<p>The father of co-architect William Wheelwright Northend, while attending Governor Dummer Academy as a child, became longtime friends with General Frederick W. Lander for whom the Lynn G.A.R. Post is named.</p><br>
<p>In 2018, a fundraising campaign was started to raise as much as $10 million for needed repairs, renovations, and preservation of the museum&#39;s collection. Plans include making the building ADA compliant with additions such as an elevator. An updated climate control system is also needed to preserve the museum artifacts.</p><br>
<p>The museum was named one of the top 11 most endangered historic resources in Massachusetts for 2018 by Preservation Massachusetts.</p><br>
<p>The Gedney and Cox Houses are historic houses at 21 High Street in Salem, Massachusetts. The earliest part of the Gedney House was built c. 1665, and the houses were added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1974. They are owned by Historic New England, which offers limited tours.</p><br>
<h2>Gedney House</h2><br>
<p>The Gedney House is a historic Colonial American house, (First Period) built circa 1665. It is located at 21 High Street, near the intersection of Summer Street. The Gedney and Cox Houses are operated as a non-profit museum by Historic New England. The house is rarely open to the public, though private tours can be arranged.</p><br>
<p>The house was built for Eleazor Gedney, a well-to-do shipwright of the Gedney family, married to the sister of John Turner, builder of Salems House of the Seven Gables. Gedney purchased the unimproved land here in April 1664 close to the shore and the "buildplace" for his boats. He was married in June 1665, and the original portion of the house, two stories with gabled attic to the left and a parlor with lean-to roof to the right was erected at this time. Long-gone extensions at the rear (where some structural evidence survives) were probably original. They were surely in existence at the time of Eleazers early death in 1683 when an estate inventory mentions the hall, hall chamber, a garret, "parlour or lento" and "lento chambr," and "Kitchin, Loft over it & little leantoo." The latter lean-to was presumably in the rear.</p><br>
<p>Around 1703–1706, the original parlor lean-to was raised to a full two stories. The last (and most extensive) structural changes followed about 1800, whereby a new two-story lean-to at the rear with separate chimney replaced whatever had preceded it. At this time also the framed overhang along the street was furred out and a basement kitchen introduced. Around 1962 the central chimney was removed and the interior stripped. The house was acquired by the Society for the Preservation of New England Antiquities (now Historic New England) in 1967.</p><br>
<p>The house is significant for its structural carpentry and for surviving early paint and decorative finishes. In the hall chamber three successive color schemes can be identified, the earliest thought to be contemporary or near-contemporary with original construction.</p><br>
<p>In 2002 the Oxford Dendrochronology Laboratory analyzed timber from the original structure and ascertained that donor trees were felled at the following times: Spring 1664 and Winter 1664–5.</p><br>
<p>Georgetown Central School, or Memorial Town Hall, is a historic school building at 1 Library Street in Georgetown, Massachusetts. The building currently serves as Georgetown&#39;s Town Hall. It occupies a prominent location in the town center, and is one of its best Colonial Revival structures.</p><br>
<p>The two story wood-frame building was built in 1905 to a design by the Boston architectural firm of Cooper and Bailey, and located at the site of an earlier one-room schoolhouse built in the 18th century. It was Georgetowns first multi-room school building, and was built after the towns first high school/town hall burned down in 1898. Its siting, use, and construction were attended by some controversy, The building housed grades 1 through 9 until 1919, when the junior high grades were moved to Perley High School. It continued to serve as an elementary school until the 1970s, by which time modern facilities had been constructed for all grades. In 1974 the building was converted for use as town hall. The building underwent a major restoration in 1999–2000 in which its Colonial Revival details were sensitively restored.</p><br>
<p>The building is situated on a rise overlooking Library and Central Streets, and is accessed by drives that flank its east and west sides. It is a nearly square building, with nine window bays on the north and south sides, and eight on the east and west elevations. Windows are located symmetrically, and the entrances are centered on the north and south elevations. The main entrance is highlighted by a pedimented porch supported by narrow columns. The hipped roof is made of slate, a replacement of the original done during the 2000 restoration. Two chimney stacks, each a long narrow brick structure, rise above the east and west sides. An elevator head house has been added to the south side of the building. The exterior walls are sheathed with clapboard, with pilastered corner trim and a plain cornice. The interior of the building has been sensitively restored to bring back details that were originally present during its period as a school (as evidenced by historic photographs) and later removed.</p><br>
<p>The building was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2001.</p><br>
<p>The George Giddings House and Barn is a historic First Period farm in Essex, Massachusetts. Both the house and the barn are estimated to have been built in the 1690s, and contain construction details unique in Essex County First Period buildings. The house was originally built as a single two story cell structure with a large chimney on one side, which was then widened with the addition of a second cell on the other side of the chimney. In the 19th century a number of alterations were made: the central chimney was removed, the entry of the house was reoriented from south to north by the addition of a new central door on the north face, and two new chimneys were added along the north elevation. The house has modern additions to the rear  side. The barn is of a similar vintage to the house, although it started with only five windows, and was extended at some point by the addition to the east of a sixth bay. It is one of a very few surviving First Period barns.</p><br>
<p>The property was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1990.</p><br>
<p>The Giddings-Burnham House is a historic house in Ipswich, Massachusetts. The house was probably built in the 1640s by George Giddings and was sold to his brother-in-law Thomas Burnham. The earliest documentation for this property was the deed of sale between George Giddings and Thomas Burnham in 1667 negating previous thoughts that the house was not built until 1680. The original house has been expanded and renovated and has a plaque on the door from the Ipswich Historical Commission stating that the home was built before 1667 by George Giddings.</p><br>
<p>The house was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1990.</p><br>
<p>The Gleason Building  is a historic commercial building located at 349-351 Essex Street in Lawrence, Massachusetts.</p><br>
<h2>Description and history</h2><br>
<p>It is a Richardsonian Romanesque style building, six stories (72 feet) tall, faced in brick and brownstone. It was built by William Oswald to a design by Arthur F. Gray, and boasted the city&#39;s first hydraulic elevator. The second to fourth floors of the facade are divided in two sections by brick piers that rise to round brownstone arches, with bands of sash windows on the lower two levels. The top floor is also architecturally distinctive, with four pairs of windows, each topped by a round brownstone arch.</p><br>
<p>In 2006, the buildings interior was completed gutted and renovated, and subsequently converted into 15 one-bedroom loft apartments with ground-floor retail space, and the building was renamed G Lofts.</p><br>
<p>The building was listed on the National Register of Historic Places on April 15, 1982.</p><br>
<p>Gloucester City Hall is located at 9 Dale Avenue in Gloucester, Massachusetts. It was built in 1870 and dedicated the following year, and has served as the main location for the citys offices since then. Built to a design by Bryant and Rogers, it is a two-story Second Empire brick building. Each of the rectangular buildings four corners is topped by its own pyramidal roof structure, above which is a small rectangular cupola with its own roof. Centered on the front elevation is a clock tower that is brick in its lower levels, and decorated wood above, ending in a copper dome.</p><br>
<p>The building was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1973, and included in the Central Gloucester Historic District in 1982.</p><br>
<p>The Acton Center Historic District encompasses the historic heart of the once-rural, now suburban, town of Acton, Massachusetts. The district includes properties on Main Street, Wood and Woodbury Lanes, Newtown, Concord, and Nagog Hill Roads, and has been the town&#39;s civic heart since its establishment in the 1730s. It was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1983.</p><br>
<h2>Description and history</h2><br>
<p>The area that is now Acton was granted to English colonial settlers in 1643, but was not settled until 1680 as part of Concord. It was separately incorporated in 1735. The town&#39;s early civic buildings and common area were located near its geographic center, which for much of the colonial period remained a small agricultural settlement. It remained so due to the absence of water power for industrial growth, which led to the growth of West Acton and South Acton. It was also bypassed by the railroad, but remained of civic importance due to the presence of churches and civic buildings. Most of the housing stock in Acton Center is Federal or Greek Revival in style, although there are some houses that have later Italianate and Queen Anne styling, and there are several Colonial Revival houses.</p><br>
<p>The historic district extends along Main Street (Massachusetts Route 27) from the triangular common in the west to Nagog Hill in the east, and includes a few buildings on adjacent roadways. The common is the remnant of the towns original common, established in 1731, and houses the towns monument to the American Revolutionary War. It was here that the towns militia company mustered for the Battles of Lexington and Concord that sparked the conflict. The towns main civic buildings are in the district: the Congregational Church (1846, later restyled with Queen Anne details), the Town Hall (1863, Italianate), and Acton Memorial Library (1889, Romanesque Revival).</p><br>
<p>Gloucester Fishermans Memorial  is a historic memorial cenotaph sculpture on South Stacy Boulevard, near entrance of Stacy Esplanade in Gloucester, Massachusetts, erected in 1925.</p><br>
<h2>Description</h2><br>
<p>It is an 8 ft, bronze statue of a fisherman dressed in oilskins standing braced at the wheel on the sloping deck of his ship. The monument has a square base of sea green granite. It is positioned so that the fisherman is looking out over Gloucester Harbor. The fisherman in the sculpture was modeled after Capt. Clayton Morrissey, a prominent Gloucester fisherman, once the captain of the Effie M. Morrissey."The Clayton Morrissey Story</p><br>
<p>Capt. Clayton Morrissey, Veteran of Sea and One of Greatest Fishermen</p><br>
<p>of All Times, Stricken at Sea" (from "Out of Gloucester" at www.downtosea.com). The stone was purposely sculpted with a rough finish to make the fisherman look rugged. Craske posed the fisherman to look as if he was facing a windstorm and was headed toward dangerous rocks. His eyes are fixed on the water and sails, while every muscle is strained to hold the wheel with a firm grip. A small plaque on the north or street-facing side of the base reads, "Memorial To The Gloucester Fisherman, August 23, 1923". A larger recessed panel on the front or harbor-facing side of the base holds an inscription of bronze letters taken from the Bible&#39;s, which reads: "They That Go Down To The Sea In Ships 1623-1923".</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The English sculptor Leonard Craske (1882–1950) designed the sculpture, and it was cast by the Gorham Company of Providence, Rhode Island, in 1925. According to the National Park Service:</p><br>
<p>The Gloucester Tercentenary Permanent Memorial Association sponsored an artistic competition to commemorate Gloucesters 300th anniversary and to permanently memorialize the thousands of fishermen lost at sea in the first three centuries of Gloucesters history. In 1879 alone, 249 fishermen and 29 vessels were lost during a terrible storm. In preparing for the competition, Craske spent many hours aboard fishing schooners, sketching and photographing fishermen at work. His design was accepted and cast at a cost of $10,000. Generally acknowledged as Craskes finest work, the Gloucester Fishermans Memorial is viewed by thousands of visitors annually and has become a symbol of the city, commemorating Gloucester&#39;s link to the sea.</p><br>
<p>The Gloucester Fisherman&#39;s Memorial was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1996.</p><br>
<p>The Gloucester Net and Twine Company is a historic factory in Gloucester, Massachusetts. It was the factory of one of Gloucester&#39;s most important fishing-related manufacturing businesses, founded in 1884. The complex was built c. 1899. The main factory building is a utilitarian wood-frame structure three stories high, six window bays wide and fourteen long. Its long facade, along Maplewood Avenue, is centered on a four-story tower, to the right of which is a single-story brick power supply building with Italianate detailing.</p><br>
<p>The complex was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1996.</p><br>
<p>The Isaac Goodale House is a historic house in Ipswich, Massachusetts. Built about 1700, the house has many original First Period elements, despite its relocation to its present location in 1928. The house was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1990, and is the subject of a preservation easement held by the Ipswich Historic Commission.</p><br>
<h2>Description and history</h2><br>
<p>The Isaac Goodale House is set on a remote lot at the end of a private lane that runs to the rear of Goodale, now Russell Orchards on the south side of Argilla Road. It is situated facing east toward salt marshes of a small tidal river. It is a -story timber-framed structure, with a gabled roof, central chimney, and clapboarded exterior. It has many surviving interior First Period elements, including chamfered beams and board and batten doors. The windows are reproductions; according to architectural historian Anne Grady, "old leading and glass found in the cellar formed the model for the new leaded glass windows" as part of a 1929 restoration.</p><br>
<p>By tradition, Robert Goodale moved from Salem to what is now Peabody in 1669 and built the house for his son Isaac shortly thereafter. Stylistic features place the construction date closer to 1700, and it was more likely built by Isaac Goodale c. 1695. The house was moved to Ipswich by their descendant, Dr. Robert Goodale and his family in 1928, its reconstruction overseen by preservationist Eugene Dow.</p><br>
<p>The house was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1990.</p><br>
<p>The Gott House is a historic late First Period house in Rockport, Massachusetts. The plank-framed gambrel-roofed cottage was built in 1702, exhibiting the transitional nature of the construction techniques used, and the gambrel roof, which is not a normal First Period feature. It also features 2 dormers that were added some time later. The first part built was the right side and the central chimney; this was extended with the rooms left of the chimney later in the Second Period. The interior retains significant Second Period trim and decoration. The house has never been sold, and has been handed down through the generations to its current occupants.</p><br>
<p>The house was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1990.</p><br>
<p>The Capt. Joseph Gould House is a historic First Period house in Topsfield, Massachusetts. It is a 2.5-story frame house that is six bays wide and two rooms deep. The oldest part of the house, the eastern three bays, may have been built in the late 17th century; it achieved the present footprint with an addition in the early 18th century of the western bays. The house is distinctive among First Period houses in the region because its original portion was built from the start to be two rooms deep, when most houses of the period started out one room deep and were extended to the rear later.</p><br>
<p>The house was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1990.</p><br>
<p>The Zaccheus Gould House is a historic First Period house in Topsfield, Massachusetts. The oldest part of the house was built c. 1670, probably for Zaccheus Gould by John Gould, one of the founders of Topsfield. The house is a -story five-bay wood-frame structure. The older portion of the house is on the right of the central chimney; the portion on the left is estimated to have been added c. 1700. The workmanship on the exposed framing elements inside the house suggests that the same workman also worked on the Stephen Foster House.</p><br>
<p>The house was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1990. Because the property was subdivided, it is no longer at its listed address, 73 Prospect Street. The property also contributes to the River Road-Cross Street Historic District, listed in 2005.</p><br>
<p>The Granite Keystone Bridge is a historic bridge that carries Granite Street  over the former railroad that transported granite from Pigeon Hill to Granite Pier in Rockport, Massachusetts. The bridge arch was built in 1872 in eleven weeks. Its single arch spans 65 ft and is 32 ft wide. The bridge was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1981.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>Granite was extracted from Rockport quarries as early as 1830, and was a major industry in the seaside community for most of the 19th century. The Flat Ledge Quarry was one of the largest operations, moving its stones across Granite Street to first Knowlton Pier, and then later the Granite Pier, where ships transported the stone up and down the Atlantic coast. By the 1860s the Rockport Granite Company sought means to more rapidly move the stone from the quarry to the waterfront. To this end, a deep cut was made under Granite Street. The bridge over this cut was designed by John Pratt of Quincy and built in the spring and summer of 1872. Its 65-foot span was described at the time as one of the longest in the state. The bridge is built out of large blocks of dressed stone laid in courses. It is one of a small number of structures in Rockport that are built out of native stone. It is now owned and maintained by the state.</p><br>
<p>The Benjamin Grant House is a historic house at 47 County Street in Ipswich, Massachusetts. It is a well-preserved early Georgian house, built c. 1735 by Benjamin Grant. He was killed in the French and Indian War, and the house subsequently came into the hands of the Ross family, who owned it well into the 20th century. The house is a -story colonial with a central chimney. The front portion of the house consists of two rooms, one on either side of the chimney, behind which is a single-story leanto addition. The interior of the house has remained well preserved, showing numerous Georgian details.</p><br>
<p>The house was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1980, and is subject to a local preservation restriction.</p><br>
<p>The David Gray House is a historic house in Andover, Massachusetts, United States. The -story colonial was built for David Gray, a local farmer, in about 1812, and it remained in his family until the 1930s. It is five bays wide, with a side gable roof, central chimney, and a projecting entry vestibule that has a door surround consisting of a pedimented top and fluted pilasters on the sides. Additions extend the house to the left.</p><br>
<p>The house was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1982.</p><br>
<p>The Great Stone Dam  was built between 1845 and 1848 on the site of Bodwell&#39;s Falls on the Merrimack River in what became Lawrence, Massachusetts. The dam has a length of 900 ft and a height of 35 ft.</p><br>
<p>Lawrence is in Essex County, Massachusetts, approximately 25 mi north of Boston and only a few miles south of the New Hampshire border (Salem), located in the Merrimack Valley. The dam is 11 mi downstream from Lowell and is visible from Route 28 (Broadway) in Lawrence and from behind the Pacific Paper Mill (now defunct).</p><br>
<p>The dam feeds two canals (North, re-built in 1848, and South, completed in 1896). At their peak, the North Canal provided up to 13,000 horsepower and the South Canal 2,000 horsepower; the Essex Company sold "mill rights" to its water power, allowing mills to use the energy provided. The North Canal existed before the dam, but was redeveloped both to better feed the mills and to accommodate the 30 ft drop caused by the dam. About a mile in length, the canal had a guard lock and three lift locks with mitered gates. The locks were abandoned in the 1960s.</p><br>
<p>Today the dam is the site of a hydroelectric plant, completed in 1981, which is owned by Central Rivers Power USA (now parent company of the Essex Company, which still owns the dam) and the Lawrence Hydroelectric Associates.</p><br>
<h2>Background</h2><br>
<p>In part due to the successful use of the river&#39;s power to develop the industrial potential of the city of Lowell, a consortium of local industrialists (Abbott Lawrence, Edmund Bartlett, Thomas Hopkinson of Lowell, John Nesmith, and Daniel Saunders) set out to create a "New City on the Merrimack", which would later become known as Lawrence.</p><br>
<p>Land was acquired from towns on both sides of the Merrimack River (North Andover, Andover and Methuen) 11 miles downstream from Lowell. However, water power required a fall greater than the 5 ft provided by the natural river drop; to achieve a usable water height of no less than 30 ft, a dam of unprecedented size would be required.</p><br>
<p>Initially known as "The Merrimack Water Power Association" (1843) under Samuel Lawrence and Daniel Saunders, the association had identified that "there lay a tract of land resting upon foundations of imperishable blue stone and so shaped and environed by nature as to be a rare site for a permanent dam and a connected system of canals, and for the building of a manufacturing city&quot this tract was at Bodwell&#39;s Falls.</p><br>
<p>In 1845, Abbott Lawrence, Nathan Appleton, Patrick T. Jackson, John A. Lowell, Ignatius Sargent, William Sturgis and Charles S. Storrow incorporated as the Essex Company with a charter to develop water power for planned textile mills along the Merrimack River by building a dam at the preferred site. In addition to being a company director, Storrow was the lead engineer for the Essex Company and is credited as the designer and engineer of the dam.</p><br>
<p>Previous to incorporating as the Essex Company, the group of men had been known as the "Boston Associates" and had made similar developments upstream in Lowell, where a dam of similar (but smaller) size had already been built, giving rise to that industrial city.</p><br>
<p>The plans set forth by the Essex Company, for the dam and surrounding industrialization, were so popular that it took less than one month to acquire capital of 1 million dollars.</p><br>
<h2>Construction</h2><br>
<p>Gilmore & Carpenter won the contract to build the dam. The construction commenced and finished on the same day (September 19) three years apart (one source states it was the same hour) from the first stone laid in 1845 to the last in 1848. Charles H. Bigelow, who had been an engineer in the US Army, supervised the construction.</p><br>
<p>The exact construction is outlined as follows:</p><br>
<p>The construction was innovative for the time as it used hydraulic injections of concrete into the spaces between the granite stones. This has led to the dam&#39;s reliability and durability, as despite several severe floods no repairs to the dam itself have ever been required, although repairs were made in 1894 to the wooden flashboards and the flashboard system was updated in 2007 to improve water control. No repairs to the stonework have ever been needed.</p><br>
<p>At the time of its construction it was the largest dam in the world, and it remains one of the significant landmarks defining the city to which its creation gave birth. It was so significant to the city at the time, a celebration was held in honor of its semi-centennial in 1895, yet now may be less celebrated, as at the site of the dam there is no viewing platform, monument or historical marker giving passersby information about the historical innovation and social marvel beneath their feet. The Lawrence History Center (located in what were the offices of the Essex Company) has significant displays on the dam and its creation.</p><br>
<p>The construction of the dams and canals might have been more expensive if not for the easy availability of cheap labor, often Irish immigrants, who worked in what could be appalling and unsafe conditions which contributed to injury and sometimes death.</p><br>
<h2>Post-construction (20th century) development</h2><br>
<p>Increasingly from the end of World War II, the economic, social and industrial landscapes within which the mills relied on the dam&#39;s power were changing. Complex interrelated forces including geographical migration of the textile industry and development of an increasingly influential "consumer economy" with high shopper expectations, demanding price models and rapidly evolving fashion tastes, plus the development of energy and industrial technologies, all led to widespread mill closures, making the power the dam provided obsolete for current needs while also wholly inadequate for newer development.</p><br>
<p>While these and other changes reduced demand for the dam&#39;s energy, demand for hydroelectric power was growing: the Great Stone Dam was both literally and figuratively well placed to be as much a part of the future as it had been of the past if investment could be found for the necessary modernization. In the 1970s the Lawrence Hydroelectric Associates began the construction of a $28-million power plant at the south end of the Great Stone Dam that would ensure energy production and preserve the architectural integrity of the dam. In 1981, the project was completed allowing the generation of 16.8 MW of power, far more than the 15,000 hp the dam provided in its heyday.</p><br>
<p>The plant&#39;s development included a high-tech fish ladder intended to promote fish migration, especially salmon. Fish numbers in the river are higher than before, but time has shown that although the presence of a ladder is better than not having one, the dam—as do all unnatural river obstructions—has had a detrimental impact on natural resources. Although hydroelectric power has often been billed as a sustainable green energy source, continued sustainability relies on developing better ways of supporting nature, fish habitat and fundamental ecological services.</p><br>
<p>The need to work in partnership with nature and be more responsive to a changing climate led in 2007 to $3.5 million in improvements and repairs, including replacement of the old plywood flashboards with a more reliable metal and rubber-bladder washboard structure (for better flood and water level control), as well as improving fish migration. In 2008 repairs were delayed by exceptionally heavy rains which highlighted the necessity of the repairs. The development was carefully planned to ensure longevity and capacity for the 19th century achievement.</p><br>
<p>It remains owned by the Essex Company which itself is now owned by Central Rivers Power USA, in partnership with Lawrence Hydroelectric Associates.</p><br>
<p>Added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1977, the Great Stone Dam is considered one of the greatest engineering projects of the 19th century due to its size, its method and the impact of its development. It stands as testament to the heyday of great innovation and innovators, to a time of economic and social development, to the Essex Company itself, and most importantly to an immigrant city born in and of the American Industrial Revolution. It was further included in the North Canal Historic District in 1984.</p><br>
<h2>Contribution to local recreation</h2><br>
<p>Because of the impact on the depth and flow of the river, and the large mill pond caused by the dam, the area above and below the dam have enhanced recreational opportunities.</p><br>
<p>A large area for sailing, kayaking and boating is located immediately upstream from the dam, supported by a large boat house housing the Greater Lawrence Community Boating Program (as well as a water rescue station).</p><br>
<p>Despite conservationist concerns over fish numbers, the area immediately below the dam is a popular fishing location for breeds such as white perch, American shad, river herring, and in season, striped bass, also known as "stripers", as the area has a larger concentration of fish due to the dam and an easily accessible shoreline for both boaters and shoreside anglers.</p><br>
<p>The Hale-Boynton House is a historic house on Middle Street in Newbury, Massachusetts. The house is now part of the campus of The Governor&#39;s Academy, where it is referred to as "Boynton House". It was built in 1764, and is notable for its well-preserved Georgian architecture, and for its association with the inventor E. Moody Boynton. The house was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1983.</p><br>
<h2>Description and history</h2><br>
<p>The Hale Boynton House is located in Newburys Byfield area, on the west side of Middle Street north of Elm Street. It is surrounded by more modern buildings that make up part of the campus of The Governors Academy, a private boarding school founded in 1763. It is stories in height, built of timber-frame construction, with a side gable roof, two interior brick chimneys, and an exterior finished on the front and rear in clapboards, and on the sides in wooden shingles. The front facade is five bays wide, with the entrance at the center, flanked by pilasters and topped by a transom window and corniced entablature. The interior has an unusual floor plan for the period, with five rooms arrayed around the chimneys. Many original features remain, including raised wooden paneling on the walls and fireplace surrounds, and iron hooks used in cooking.</p><br>
<p>The house was built in 1764 for Joseph Hale, whose family had owned the land since 1733, operating a tavern that served travelers at the nearby river crossing. Hale and later his son both served as trustees of the academy after its founding, and boarded some of its students here, most notably Admiral Edward Preble. In 1898 the house was acquired by E. Moody Boynton, who was born in Ohio but whose family had deep roots in Byfield. Boynton was an eccentric inventor who became wealthy by patenting the M-shaped sawtooth, but may be best remembered for the Boynton Bicycle Railroad, a type of steam-powered monorail. The house and land were conveyed to the academy by Boynton&#39;s widow, and it continues to be used as housing.</p><br>
<p>The Hamilton Historic District encompasses the early historic center of Hamilton, Massachusetts. It includes properties at 540-700 and 563-641 Bay Road, extending along the road from Orchard Road in the south to Cutler Road in the north. Numerous Greek Revival buildings are located within the district including the First Congregational Church of Hamilton, built in 1843. The district was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1973.</p><br>
<h2>Description and history</h2><br>
<p>The town of Hamilton was originally a part of Ipswich, with the first documented settlement in the area in 1638, and Bay Road (now Massachusetts Route 1A) laid out in 1640. It was established as a separate parish in 1714 and incorporated in 1793. The parish center, at the junction of Bay and Cutler Roads, became the town center, with the meeting house, cemetery, and village green all early features. The site of the meeting house is now occupied by the Greek Revival First Congregational Church, which performs the same religious function. Hamilton&#39;s 1898 Colonial Revival Town Hall also stands in the district. The district has been relatively little altered since the mid-19th century, as evidenced by maps of that and later periods.</p><br>
<p>The historic district extends along Bay Road, from its junction with Cutler Road in the north to Orchard Road in the south. Twenty of its primary buildings are residences, with a few early 18th-century Georgian houses and a larger number of 19th-century Greek Revival houses. The oldest house, a saltbox built c. 1700, stands at 638 Bay Road. Besides the church and town hall, the other non-residential buildings include the village store (c. 1840), and a cobbler&#39;s shop that has been converted to residential use. All of the buildings are of frame construction, and almost all are finished in clapboards; one of the most recently built houses (1900) is finished in stucco.</p><br>
<p>The Sarah H. Harding House is a historic duplex house in Andover, Massachusetts. It was built in 1846 for Sarah Harding, a single woman who belonged to the locally notable Harding family . She had the Greek Revival duplex built to provide housing for single women of modest means at a time when such housing was relatively uncommon. The building is 2.5 stories tall, with entry to both units through matching doors in the center of the six-bay facade. The entranceway features a classical surround, with glass side lights and transom.</p><br>
<p>The house was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1982.</p><br>
<p>The Joseph Hardy House is a historic late First Period house in Groveland, Massachusetts. Built about 1720 with plank frame construction, it is a relatively rare example of that form in the region. The house was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1990.</p><br>
<h2>Description and history</h2><br>
<p>The Joseph Hardy House stands in a rural residential area of eastern Groveland, on the west side of King Street south of its junction with Outlook Drive. It is a -story timber-frame structure, with a side gable roof, central chimney, and clapboarded exterior, set back from the road and facing south. The rear roofline descends to the first floor, giving the house a classic New England saltbox profile. Its main facade is five bays wide, with small second-floor windows set close to the eave, and taller 20th-century windows on the ground floor, flanking the central entrance. The interior follows a typical center-chimney plan, with a narrow vestibule in front of the chimney and chambers to either side. The rooms have exposed beams in the First Period style, with evidence of plank framing the woodwork surrounding the chimney.</p><br>
<p>According to local history, the house was built about 1720 by Joseph Hardy, which is supported by analysis of the construction techniques used. It is a relatively infrequent instance of plank frame construction which is not usually found in the region. One half of the saltbox leanto section was added sometime later in the 18th century; the other was added early in the 20th century. The house remained in the hands of Hardy&#39;s descendants into the mid-19th century.</p><br>
<p>The Urias Hardy House is a historic house at 50 Brown Street in Methuen, Massachusetts.</p><br>
<h2>Description and history</h2><br>
<p>Urias Hardy was an overseer at the nearby Arlington Mills. The Brown Street house, built in 1900, is a fine example of the large single-family home constructed during a time of rapid middle class expansion. The larger more elaborate home is in contrast to the smaller worker houses being built closer to the mills. The Hardy House was built during a period when Methuen became a "bedroom" community for the more urban Lawrence, and is associated with the last period of single-family house building prior to World War II.</p><br>
<p>It was added to the National Register of Historic Places on January 20, 1984.</p><br>
